Personal effectiveness and reflection on the past

Personal effectiveness and reflection on the pastTo maintain anonymity and shelter confidentiality, all identifiable breeding pertaining to people or places has been made anonymous throughout the reflective portion of this assignment. (done)IntroductionReflection is recap of previous view and reflective expend is to look pricker on an consequence and make it more meaning full and to identify what to do in the future to practice better (Burnard 2002). It is further supported that all definitions of reflection speech patterne that there is no learning without reflection and further add to this, non all emphasis is centre on peoples emotions and feelings (Sugerman et al 2000). (done)It also pointed out that reflective practice can add knowledge in individuals practice and improve the knowledge and equal (Bulman et al 2004).John ( 2000) believes that reflection can be describe differently, or example, reflecting in action can be defined as a involution in an event and what happe ned during event. On action is when rewinding the memory to turn the information into knowledge. Davis (2003) stressed that under taking fosterageal programs may help to practice effectively. And also, he warns that some people without being aw are, recurring the positive sense and avoids the negative experience and this can be due to de-motivation and the barriers of reflective practice. Jasper (2003) further suggests that additional education is needed to improve individuals thought and ability to overcome stressful situations. (done)Model of ReflectionFor one to benefit from effective reflection, one should follow a posture to be sensible and easy to understand (Brooker et al 2003). Bulman et al (2004) quotes Johns (2000) cautioning that gravels are designed to assist in reflecting but, not set to prescribe what reflection is . at that place are many models to reflect on and, Platzer et al (1997, cited in peate 2006) that no model is better than others.Chosen ModelAfter gath ering information and evince from different sources, the author has chosen Gibbs( see appendix 1) reflection model as it seems straight forward and easy to follow. Bulman et al (2004) confirmed that Gibbs reflection model is well favoured by practitioners and according Jasper (2004), Gibbs model follows six stages and at each stage, questions are asked. The stages are easy for practitioners to follow and can be analysed critically. (cronin et al 2004) believes that the stages are in certain order and following one another creating a cycle.Kolbs reflective cycle considers events in a cyclical way as in Gibbs model.Jarvis (1987) cited in Moon (2004) criticised the model for its simplicity and missing other factors like transfer of learning.I find it too ordered, too regular, too predictable. It seems to imply that we mustiness move through the cycle and move on to the next stage, rather than letting experiences enter into our souls to rest there, (Newman 1999, cited in Moon 2004, p 115).DescriptionI had just gained my qualification as dental introduce nurse and dental implant co-ordinator, when this uncomplaining was referred to me by dentist to instruct and inform her about monetary agreement and appointment times. Because I was newly qualified dental implant nurse, my experience was quite minimal. The long-suffering was a middle age female, living with her preserve and children, Asian background, housewife and spoke very small(a) English. The dentist offered her an implant placement treatment plan. Patients lower right first molar was missing and she cute to replace the missing tooth with dental implant.It was a one to one session in a quiet room and during this session I realised that the patient is not interested in knowing about financial agreement as she was on, income support, benefit and she was confident about having dental implant free of charge. During the conversation, I realised that patients English understanding level was minimal and she was not fully aware about her dental treatment. Therefore, I tried to avoid using dental jargon and illustrated the instruction and information, which I have been asked to provide for patient, in a simple term. I used simple term, spoke slowly, used pictures and models and confirmed patients understanding. With the little communication we had, I managed to find out that the patient was not able to pay for her dental implant treatment as she was unemployed. I asked the patient to baffle along one of the member of her family, who speaks and understands English well, on her next appointment to visit the dentist. (done)FeelingsWhen patient walked to room I started to panic as I neer been involved in such a situation. I also stereotyped her as ignorant and not interested to listen to my instruction, because she was looking quite and confused. However, I tried not to panic and be patient. I didnt want to disappoint and embarrass the patient by asking her some question that she may not be able to answer. (done)EvaluationI have learnt how to handle different patient with different backgrounds. I believe the good thing about this experience was that I managed to overcome most of communication barriers that exist. I wasnt able to completely extinguish dental jargons and deal with unexpected situation, but my biggest worry was that through my communication. I might have conveyed poor message. As a result, the patient might have not understood why she should have paid for her dental implant treatment. I judged the patients approach as social exclusion, lack of knowledge and understanding language had made her look confused. However, I miss-judged her as someone ignorant. (done)AnalysisWhen the patient was referred to me, by the dentist, the paper work should state that the patient is having difficulty communicating in English. Miscommunication between dentist, receptionist and nurses could cause difficulty for the patient to trust them and return back to the surgery f or treatment, because the patient may lose trust or feel ignored. During the conversation, it was difficult to assume if patient apprehended why she had to see me. The patient was smiling, looking confused and saying yes almost for everything I was saying. And this made me concerned whether the patient understood why she had to see me. My prejudgment toward the patient could have negative allude on the patient due to being unemployed and not being able to pay for dental treatment could have cause an embarrassing or even disappointment situation for the patient. Because the patient couldnt communicate English adequately, I felt that I might have overloaded her with too much information and have created communication barrier.ConclusionJohn (2009) state that reflecting on critical incidence aids to construct picture of what happened and how to practice better in the future. moreover he also warns that the practitioners should avoid altering their practice to suit a particular framewo rk. The author agrees with this statement and further ads to this that practitioners can adopt reflection as a habit in order to practice efficiently in the future. The author also adds that previous practice can be overlooked or taken into grand to improve and work effectively at present and in the future.

Cultural Approach to Organisations Theory

Cultural approaching to Organisations TheoryThe Theory Of Cultural Approach To OrganisationsAbstractThis base will revisit the shade surmisal proposed by Clifford Geertz how Michael Pacanowsky claims the concept is applicable to an nerve. It will use Whitireia Polytechnic as an illustration for an organistain market-gardening.When you examine the word culture you often associate it with a persons background, ethnic heritage and race. However, culture is a fashion of living in an organisation. It is as well not interpretericular(a) to a country or city either, level off corporate organisations cast off culture which contain stories, symbols rituals and within it contain submarine cultures.You may not even know that this is a part of your every(prenominal)day life without realising it. This report will assistance you understand what your organisations culture is like, how this applys to you, whether it can be permuted.IntroductionPurposeThis report is based on the Organisational culture and what I have learned about this theory. The foundations of this theory were created by Clifford in which Michael applied Greetz work into his organisational culture theory.This will help explain (in accordance to the theorists work) what the definition of culture is, what the makings of a culture be and what standards techniques ethnographers use to pick up a culture.ScopeMy first insight into this topic was a first look at communication theory make up which gave me an idea of what the topic would be about. I then utilised the re pedigrees provided by Whitireia polytechnic which was depository library databases in which I found little success formation. After trying a variety of databases such as Proquest, Gale proquest and so forthI found that I could arrest more than bloods utilising internet websites.LimitationsThe only limitations I found was the little use the databases were to me. I also found it difficult to find data by Michael E Paconows ky who is the co creator of the organisational culture theory. I could only find one obtain which elaborated more on the organisation culture limiting me to victimization Geertz as a essential source. I did not know whether to attribute this to my searching methods or whether the availability of information was insufficient.Research MethodsThe databases were of little use to me my primary sources of information came from Articles Internet websites using Google. At first finding information was difficult as I apply the library database as my primary source for Information. Although I did find some sources, my primary source of information came from a website which contained a large quantity of articles. In regards to my topic this site contained more information then my other internet book sources.Structure Of ReportTitle page Followed by an abstractTable of contentsIntroduction Includes purpose, scope, research methods, social organisation of report limitationsLiterature review A summary of 6 sources which I used to use for my reportFindings What I have discovered about the theoryConclusion Includes Summary critique of theoryLiterature ReviewDoing organizational Culture in the Saturn Corporation Retrieved August 10th, 2009 from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4339/is_1_22/ai_75579345/SummaryThis includes an in sagacity look into the organisational culture in the Saturn Corporation. The Authors who researched this topic discovered how they came to their conclusions by poststructural analysis of the video advertisements, examining metaphors along with fundamental interaction exposition of the organisations culture.. It also gives a chronological description of the significant events concerning the study of organisational culture. It also briefly covers the importance of image metaphors. However its primary focus is on the symbolic convey of storytelling and the effects it has Saturn on its organisation culture consumer cultureAccurac y ValidityAll three Authors Terry L. Mills, Craig A. Boylstein, Sandra Lorean are experts in the field of Sociology. Terry L. Mills earned his PHD in Sociology in 1996 at the University of Southern Carolina. He has received some(prenominal) honours awards and specialises in umpteen topics concerning the age of sociology organisational organisation. He has conducted a lot of research and has published many a(prenominal) of his works in articles, books journals. Terry L. Mills is currently a Professor in the University of Florida and is also a dean for associate affairs. The combined know takege of these authors is unornamented when they outline the history of the study of organisational using it as a base for their evidence in this subject. The concepts in this article are not new, they are barely a tool to back up their research and explain the organisational culture of the Saturn Corporation.Turner, L..H., West, R ., (2007) Introducing Communication Theory (3rd Edition) sa ssy York McGraw-Hill Higher gentilitySummaryThis book covers a number of theories including the Organisational Culture Theory covering its main points. It also delves more into the organisational side of culture by providing examples and elaborating on concepts created by Michael Pacanowsky including different examples of assumptions, rituals, performances symbols etc. It also includes information on Clifford Geertz work and provides an explanation on Thick description, a technique primal in Ethnography.AccuracyThis information is accurate be engender it draws from sources which pass to be some of Geertz Pacanowsky most prominent work. It gives clear cut examples and all the examples provided are cited from reliable sources.Geertz, C. (1973) The Interpretation of Culture (2nd ed).New York Basic BooksSummaryThis source of information elaborates on the interpretation of culture theory from the perspective of an ethnographer. Greetz who is an ethnographer himself fall upons his work as being a thick description, which can be described as Intertwined layers of common heart that underlie what people say or do. In this chapter Greetz describes his experience of a different culture of a foreign landscape. Often amaze at the events that occur in this culture, his stance on his interpretive approach is not to only simply document what is happens in the culture. It is to reduce the puzzlement and to have a greater understanding of why it happens in the culture.AccuracyClifford Geertz is a champion of symbolic anthropology. He has made several major publications with his most germinal being Deep Play Notes on the Balinese Cockfight. His work on interpretive theory has had a major impact in the field of anthropology and his extensive amount ethnographical work in Indonesia Morocco highlands only solidify the validity of his work. He is also the co creator of the ethnic approach of organizations theory.Geertz, C. (1973) Deep Play Notes on the Balinese Cockfight Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http//www.si.umich.edu/rfrost/courses/MatCult/content/Geertz.pdfSummaryIn this source of information Clifford Geertz gives an insight into the balinise cockfighting culture. This does more than what happens in these cockfights he explains the deeper meaning behind the culture. He stresses that it is much more than about money or entertainment it is about social status The Cocks are simply there to stand in for men who are zesty in these matches. Clifford also describes the social networking and ins outs of this cockfighting culture.Accuracy ValidityThis is Clifford Greetz more known works and is essentially one of the core concepts of this topic Culture. This work is simply an interpretation of a culture and is undoubtedly one of the main reasons why Cultural approach to organisations theory is here today. It is interesting to note that the cockfighting metaphor is applicable to many cultures and everyday life occurrences.Fafaeli, A., Worline, M. S ymbols in Organizational Culture. August 22, 2009, from http//iew3.technion.ac.il/Home/Users/anatr/symbol.htmlSummaryThis source goes into detail about what symbols are and how they apply to organisational culture. It briefly provides four functions that symbols officiate in an organisation and how the use of symbols can provide a deeper understanding in a n organisations culture.Accuracy ValidityThis has also been referenced in a first look at communication. It has also been published in a number of books and draws some of its concepts from Clifford Geertz work. I can also see the similarities how it relates to the ideas of cultural approach to organisation theory. Both authors have PhDs in their respective fields and have done extensive research on this topic.Ardichvili, A.,Basten, F.,Daley, B.,Kraemer, T.J.,Kuchinke, K.P.,Morgan, G.,Shindell, T.,Short, D.C.,Willis, V. The Role of Metaphors in (Re)producing Organizational Culture. August 3, 2009, from http//www.orleon.nl/public aties/metaphor_in_hrd.pdfSummaryThis source discusses metaphors and provides a storyline about the NBS organisation. It talks about how metaphors can describe the NBS organisation in a six part storyline written by employees. The author also provides analysis on the metaphors that were used and what they mean.Accuracy ValidityThese sources concepts are very similar to those created by Geertz Pacanowsky. Although this source does not reference them there is a clear connection between Pacanowskys idea of metaphorical analysis and this source.FindingsBackground Of TheoristsClifford Geertz was born in San Francisco, California on August 23, 1926. For two years (194345) he served time in the U.S Navy during World War II. He would later att termination Antioch College receive his B.A in philosophy. He later studied social anthropology received his PHD from Harvard University. After he taught a number of schools he would join the anthropology staff of the University of Chicago. Subsequ ently he became a professor in social science at Harvard University in whicch he would receive several honory doctorate degrees from numerous colleges including Cambridge, Harvard Chicago University. After his divorce with Hilderd Greetz he would end up marrying Karren Blu who was also an anthropologist. In his later years his decline in health due to heart complications would eventually catch up to him, he died on October 30, 2006.Outline Of Theories/key IssuesWhat Culture Is What Culture Is NotClifford Geertz, a champion in anthropology found through his research that culture is a shared out meaning, shared understanding shared sensemaking in a web of significance that he (man) has spun. The foundation of this theory especially from an anthropological perspective can be attributed Clifford Greetz who primarily focused on culture itself. In Clifford Geertz eyes no culture is inferior/superior and no culture can be changed.Thick exposition An Ethnographers OccupationIn order t o understand a culture one must become an ethnographer. Ethnographers are researchers who immerse themselves within a culture also meaning they are in it for the long term. Clifford Geertz spent a number of years in Southeast Asia North Africa studying various cultures which eventually led him to call his extensive material in his journals to be known as thick descriptions. Thin descriptions would simply describe an event thick descriptions however would describe an event within a context. His primary example in The Interpretation of Cultures theory describes the puzzlement when something simple as a wink can cause when it is not described within a context.Culture As A Metaphor Of Organisational LifeMichael Pacanowsky found Clifford Geertz work helpful and would use work to give a better understanding of organisational culture. This in turn would help give us a better understanding the behaviour of organisations by understanding the way how groups live and interact with one another (prenominal). Michael Pacanowsky discovered that not only materials such as paperwork were crucial but also analysing the behaviour of how groups operated was equally as important to understanding an organisations culture. As part of his work he used three components to better understand a culture which were metaphors, stories and rituals.MetaphorsTo understand a shared meaning of a culture Michael Pacanowsky used metaphors to describe the W.L Gore organisation. He used three metaphors to describe this unique culture the first being that Gore was a cluster of peasant villages because of its decentralised environment and focused use of oral communication. This could be attributed to the fact that Gore has an all in this together attitude and though a differential status exists amongst workers, there is a lack of hierarchical authority everyone checks with other associates before making significant decisions.Other metaphors Michael Pacanowsky used to describe Gore was that he saw it as being an improvisational Jazz band because of its like minded workers who liked to try new things and and compared the workers as being factions in Colonial America because of its innovative approach to work. Using metaphors to describe a culture is a valuable tool for ethnography.Stories A Window Through Which To consume bodied Webs Of SignificanceStories are used in to corporate organisations to guide employees to how to function within an organisation. It can also be used as a motivational tool to draw inspiration or to simply give a historical account so that employees may find themselves and become a part of something much bigger than bonny the corporation. Stories also give ethnographers a way to understand a cultureThere are three types of stories Corporate stories, Personal Stories Collegial stories.Corporate StoriesCorporate stories are ones that can be seen in pamphlets, advertisements etc. This is the vision of the upper level and management that they want to bee f up sometimes to the public eye. An example of this would be how a corporate boss who would spend his Christmas Eve working with his employees and would be the last to leave.Personal StoriesPersonal stories are something that an employee may tell about himself to help identify with other workers or how he would like to be perceived within an organisation. An example of this would be how an immemorial worker describing his experience in the workplace prior to the technological dependency and how a pre robot like environment developed more personal interaction and a sense of community amongst workers.Collegial StoriesCollegial stories can be positive or negative and are used to describe others in an organisation. An example of this would be how a new manager who has taken has a cut throat approach to his employees and that his technological happy approach would result in a loss of jobs in the organisation.Rather than describe what each story means (doing so is to be done with great caution) it is not the proper way for the ethnographer to break apart each piece and explain every intricate detail, it is to interpret everything as a whole and see the bigger picture.Rituals The Rites Of A CultureRituals are substantial in all forms of culture the Balinese Cockfight written by Clifford Geertz shows this. Without looking at it without an open mind Balinise cockfighting could be percieved as nothing more than a ill-bred shallow form of entertainment. However Clifford Geertz insight into the topic shows it is much more then that it is the Men who are fighting for status and the cocks are simply just a representation of that.An example of this in a corporate organisation would be casual Fridays where formal clothing is optional. Or Free lunch Wednesdays where nutrition is catered and provides an opportunity for staff to interact with one another. Where a ritual such Balinese cockfighting would be considered sacred (although it is illegal) changing or removing i t completely would meet much opposition. In a corporate environment with a free spirited approach and lack of formality, changes to rituals would in most cases see little opposition.Application Of TheoryI will use a real life example when applying the cultural approach to organisations. My example is about Whitireia Polytechnic. Clifford Geertz talks about Cultures having subcultures and there are many examples of this in Whitireia.A broad example would that every sector of Whitireia e.g BIT, CIT, has itsLocation can affect cultures an example would be Computer Services the BIT branch of Whitireia. Although in an ideal world twain would work together in a fluid manner an observation I made was that many of the service provided by Computer services are not known to BIT. When working for my evaluation procurement assignment I noticed that somethings were not communicated to one another effectively this is because of the difference between subcultures. Another example I think appli es to this theory is the subculture created by Teachers. Although BIT culture as a whole is relatively the same, the subcultures are different. George Tongariro has a relatively informal style of teaching which is very much alive vibrant. This in turn influences the disciples especially the ones with who share similar attributes. This type of sub culture would likely clash with another teachers sub culture that has a very reserved formal approach to teaching. Even students have sub cultures which result in people having different social circles because tend to socialise with people who have similar values.Stories are told amongst students and teachers, corporate stories I have memorize are from pamphlets and websites. However the personal collegial accounts were told to me orally from both teachers students. Personal stories I have heard about Whitireia is a students experience with a received teacher, paper, row etc. A collegial story I have heard students express is their dislike of how work intensive a certain class is. An example of a collegial story I was told in class from a staff member was how they disapproved with how BIT section of Whitireia was run and how it ran without order and how disorganize it was.If I was to document every story in a journal I could create a thick description that would effectively help an alien understand whitireia polytechnic culture.A Ritual in this context would be performing a practical lab I get given every Tuesdays and Wednesdays in which I must complete within a designated time. Another example would be students playing table tennis or pool at the student centre on their break on a regular basis.You may also notice I used metaphors to help understand the culture present in Whitireia. I have also been at Whitireia Polytechnic for a nearly two years in which (despite the lack of a PHD) adds credibility to how I can apply this organisational culture to this industry. I also tend to hear more positive things a bout polytechnic and with an increase of students have changed the student sub culture.Evaluation Of TheoryI will be using the standards from the book A Look Into Coomunication Theory book by Em riffimNew Understanding Of PeopleInterpretive scholarship is good when it offers fresh insight into the valet de chambre condition. Geertz Pacanowsky do this by interpreting their recitals and using techniques to describe a culture within a context. To have an insight human culture is to have a insight to teh human condition.Clarification Of ValuesA good theory brings peoples values into the open. Both Greetz Pacanowsky where able to define an organisations culture by using thick descriptions, metaphors, stories rituals.Aesthetic AppealThe appeal of Greetz Pacanowsky theorie is that it used real examples in which they both experienced. The way they convey their research through narratives, stories metaphors also provides an artistic interesting insight and makes their material appeali ng to read. Especially through the use of metaphors which help decorate capture the essence of an organisations culture.A community Of AgreementClifford Geertz is considered to be a champion symbolic anthropology and some of his most famous works such as the Balinise cockfight were innovative lastly allowed Pacanowsky to apply his ideas into the theory. Although there is some criticism towards organisational culture theory the support is much more apparent within the community.Reform Of ball clubChange in organisational culture is sometimes considered to be ethically challenging. Understanding an organisational culture is becoming more apparent and is now used for a matched advantage.ConclusionSummaryIn summary Clifford Geertz work e.g description of culture, pioneer of ethnography inventor of thick descriptions, combined with Michael Pacanowsys interpretation of organisations through use of stories, metaphors and rituals ultimately lead to a theory that is applicable to many organisational cultures. Stories, metaphors rituals are all practical ways of describing and interpreting a culture. I have also shown a real life example of how applicable it is and though it may not anywhere near the level of Geertz or Pacanowskys work, it should show how this can be used in different types of organisations.Critique Of The TheoryAs you should know by now Clifford Geertz stance on Culture isnt to change it, it is to understand it. Nor did he wish well to interfere or influence culture. Critical theorists however criticise this approach and see a moral obligation to make changes rather then to just describe interpret it. This is not how a researcher who uses the cultural approach to organisation sees it. An ethnographer does not use his research as a tool for change nor does he use it to pass judgement or criticise the morality of a culture. Ethnography is about providing a better understanding and how to function in a culture through symbolic analysis. It is ult imately up an organisation and its staff to make a change.Cultural approach is also not as popular as it used to be. Some say that it is because few people if any can match Clifford Geertz writing style. People have described reading his work is like reading an engrossing novel. This in turn may have affected the aesthetic appeal and until someone who can write as well as he can, resurgence in this theory is questionable.Glossary Of TermsEthnography a methodological strategy used to provide descriptions of human societiesRitual Performaces that reoccur on a regular basisSub Culture A Culture within a culture.Thick Description Explanation of the meaning of layers in a cultureReferencesArticlesDeep Play Notes on the Balinise Cockfight Retrieved August 13th, 2009 fromwww.si.umich.edu/rfrost/courses/MatCult/content/Geertz.pdfDoing Organizational Culture in the Saturn Corporation Retrieved August 10th, 2009 fromhttp//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4339/is_1_22/ai_75579345/http//findarti cles.com/p/articles/mi_m4339/is_1_22/ai_75579345/?tag=contentcol1linise CockfightBooksGeertz, C. (1973) The Interpretation of Culture (2nd ed).New York Basic BooksGriffim, E. (2006). A First Look at Communication Theory (6th ed.)New York McGraw-Hill Higher EducationTurner, L..H., West, R ., (2007) Introducing Communication Theory (3rd Edition)New York McGraw-Hill Higher EducationInternet SourcesThe Role of Metaphors in (Re)producing Organizational Culture Retrieved August 13th, 2009 fromhttp//docs.google.com/gview?a=vq=cacheMH7Ir3IC9LAJwww.orleon.nl/publicaties/metaphor_in_hrd.pdf+http//www.orleon.nl/publicaties/metaphor_in_hrd.pdfhl=engl=nzFafaeli, A., Worline, M. Symbols in Organizational Culture. Retrieved August 22, 2009,from http//iew3.technion.ac.il/Home/Users/anatr/symbol.htmlORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Retrieved August 13th, 2009 fromhttp//www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch36.htmlArdichvili, A.,Basten, F.,Daley, B.,Kraemer, T.J.,Kuchinke, K.P.,Morgan, G.,Shindell , T.,Short, D.C.,Willis, V. The Role of Metaphors in (Re)producing Organizational Culture. August 3, 2009, from http//www.orleon.nl/publicaties/metaphor_in_hrd.pdf

Socio Cultural Impact Of Television On Youth Media Essay

Socio Cultural Impact Of Television On Y go forthh Media EssayThis study has analysed Socio-cultural Impact of Television on Youth. The innovation of this study is to find out the impact of video programmes on callowness. As a communication technology, television has a great acceptance and is being utilize extensively in India. Television viewership is no more restricted to the upper and upper-middle class of India as it apply to be a few years back. be inexpensive and easy to access, television spread rapidly in India. It has become one of the common household commodities. Therefore, this study attempted to understand whether demography influenced the viewership patterns of respondents or non. Television provides a variety of local and foreign channel and helps people in selecting programmes according to their taste and choice. Therefore, the first part of this study explored respondents preferred channels and kinds of programmes, reasons for watching television, preferred measure of watching and control over the remote. It justified the application of Uses and Gratification Theory. This possibility identifies television consumption patterns according to needs and happiness of targeted segment. The gratification factor leads to the exposure of programmes which in turn can generate impact.Main part of the present research comes under the impact tradition. It demands discussion on theories base on observational learning and information processing emphasize lasting impact of exposure to media contents. Thus, the study as well applies Cultivation Theory in terms of impact through exposure and Social learning Theory which says that viewers attend and learn from flummoxs which are attractive, powerful, rewarding and similar to themselves. They do not act immediately on what they learn from television. Instead, they store such knowledge to be used when their own circumstances elicit it. Hence, the framework of this research is based on the set of three t heories i.e. Uses and Gratification Theory, Cultivation Theory and Social Learning Theory. These theories are discussed below in relation with the present study in brief.2.1Uses and GratificationUtility Theory, often known as the Uses and Gratification Approach offers another way of explaining why people expose themselves to some communications and not others why they perceive a fraction of these to which they are exposed and why they remember- correctly or incorrectly. Blumler and Katzs Uses and Gratification Theory suggest that media users play an active contribution in choosing and using media. Users take an active part in the communication process and are goal oriented in their media usage. Theorists say that media users seek out source that best fulfils their needs. Uses and Gratification Theory assumes that users have alternate choices to satisfy their needs (Griffin. 2000).55Uses and Gratification Theory takes a more humanistic approach to spirit at the media usage. The the ory takes out the possibility that media can have an unconscious influence on our lives and how we view the world. The idea that we simply use media to satisfy a given need does not seem to fully recognize the power of media in todays society.2.2 Cultivation TheoryCultivation Theory in its most rudimentary form, suggests that television is responsible for shaping or cultivating viewers conceptions of friendly reality. The combined effect of massive television exposure by viewers over time subtly shapes the perception of social reality for individuals and, ultimately for our culture as a whole. Thus, cultivation research is in the effects traditions. Cultivation research looks at the mass media as a socialising agent and investigates whether television viewers come to believe the television version of reality the more they watch it. Gerbner and his colleagues wall that television drama has a small but significant influence on the attitudes, beliefs and judgement of viewers concern ing the social world. The focus is on heavy viewers. pack who watch a lot of television are liable(predicate) to be more influenced by the ways in which the world is framed by television programmes than are individuals who watch less, especially regarding topics of which the viewer has little first-hand experience. Light viewers may have more sources of information than heavy viewers. 58This study has used Cultivation Theory by George Gerbner as a guide in exploring the consequences. Under guidance of this theory, this study may be able to emerge as a new theory. Essentially, the theory states that heavy exposure to mass media namely television creates and cultivates attitudes more consistent with a media fabricated version of reality than with what true(a) reality is. The cultivation theory asserts that heavy viewers attitudes are cultivated primarily by what they watch on television. Gerbner views this television world as not a window on or reflection of the world, but a world in itself (Mc Quail. 1993 100).59Cultivation theorists are best known for their study of television and viewers and in particular, for a focus on the topic of violence. However, some studies have also considered other mass media from this perspective and have dealt with topics such as gender roles, age groups, ethnic groups and political attitudes. Cultivation theorists argue that heavy cover leads viewers (even among high educational/high income groups) to have more undiversified or convergent opinions then light viewers (who tend to have more heterogeneous or divergent opinion). The cultivation effect of television viewing is one of the levelling or homogenizing opinion. Gross considered that television is a cultural arm of the established industrial order and as such serves primarily to maintain, stabilize and reinforce rather than to alter, threaten or weaken conventional beliefs and deportments (Boyd. Barrett. Braham. And Peter, B. 1987 100).602.3 Social Learning TheoryThe p rinciple understanding of social learning theory is tied the social context of learning. According to Bandura, behaviours and responses that are repeated, perceived as real, distinct, functional and salient are more likely to be attended to, thus more likely to be learned. When observing an event, which receives some kind of reward like social approval, pleasant experience and when the observer feels confident to perform, its symbolic imitation is facilitated. The social cognitive principle has been widely employed to explain in television effects on a variety of social issues such as aggression, ethnic stereotypes, alcohol, attitudes and behaviour. It also stresses the importance of viewers cognitive activities when consuming television messages (Bandura. 1977). 63Socialization process of person is influenced by innumerable factors such as family, school, environment factors etcetera Direct experience and participation are important parameters which shape the youths impressions of the perceived structure of their environment. Mass media, particularly television plays a crucial role in bringing the outside world into homes. As an important institution, mass media enters the socialization process of an individual.De Fleur and Sandra (1989) stated despite general in nature, social learning theory is particularly relevant to study the impact of mass communication because the description and portrayal of social life is a frequent subject in media contents. The most common (and pervasive) examples of social learning situations are television commercials. Commercials suggest that drinking a certain beverage or using a particular shampoo will make us popular and win the admiration of attractive people. Depending upon the component processes involved (such as attention or motivation), users may model the behaviour shown in the commercial and buy the product being advertised. Actions of characters in the audio-visual media can serve as a model for others to imitate. M odelling Theory is also useable for describing the application of general Social Learning Theory which explain how new behaviours are acquired by people from media portrayals. An individual observes a character, identifies him/her as a model and remembers actions of model and performs them when confronted with similar circumstances (DeFleur and Sandra. 1989).64In light of all these theories stated above, it is important to mention that the researcher has formulated a combination of the three theories in order to assess what is the main reason of their watching, their preferred channels and programmes. While on the other hand, it has also measured what kind of impact are fetching place in the lives of the sample under study? If there are some affects that are changing attitudes of youth under the study. Are these effects undestroyable or short term. Hence, the researcher intended to explore all this for which the base of above mentioned theories was most suitable and required.It was also assumed that the youth (aged18-25 years) are undefended to influences and tend to be inclined towards change. Youth would serve as a barometer to assess the influence of television. Hence, youth of age 18-25 were selected for the study to determine the degree to which their attitudes were influenced by television.Now, with the availability of the foreign channels, an important question arises does a youths behaviour reflect what his/her has watched on the television screen? The impact of foreign television programmes on youth involves a number of indispensible factors such as interest in the programmes, viewing pattern, reasons for watching, attitude towards programmes and models of social reality that these programmes promote. The study aimed at finding out whether and to what finis television affect youth in Rohtak and Jhajjar districts. The researcher aimed at finding answers to questions such as what youth think about these programmes in terms of their preferences and relevance. Is there any restriction on youth for watching television channels? Whether they experience an impact of these programmes on their attitudes or not?

Free Essays on Homers Odyssey: Greek Values :: Odyssey essays

Greek Values and Homers Odyssey       Look death in the face with joyful hope, and consider this a constant truth the righteous man has nothing to fear, neither in life, nor in death, and the Gods will not forsake him.-Socrates, a Greek philosopher and contemplative thinker. The above name is the basis for Greek belief, demonstrating the respectable Greek citizen. It displays courage and obedience for the Gods in which the Greek world revolved around. Greeks had many traditions and ways of life. Greek cosmos compete an important role in Greek life including the Gods influence and personality, Greek military ideas, philosophers, and Greek poetry.   The Gods impact and personality had a direct influence on daily life in Greek society. The Gods can give things A cruel turn, this. Never had I thought to see this land, but Zeus let me see it. (Book 5, Line 426-427 The Odyssey unabridged), however, they can also take things away and curse their people Take yourself out of this island, creeping thing...Your voyage here was cursed by heaven (Book 10, Line 82-85 The Odyssey unabridged). Greek citizens had to always be considering what the Gods were thinking of them. The Greeks knew that whatever the Gods gave them, they will just as easily take everything away. By knowing the nicknames of the Gods, readers are able to determine their personalities. Throughout The Odyssey, Athena, Roman name Minerva, is often referred to as the Grey-eyed goddess. This explanation can account for her cleverness and her bright, scheming eye. Athena is constantly changing shapes and disguises, but the cunning eye, stays constant. Another example of one of the Gods personalities, is in the myth of Athenas birth. The personality of Zeus shines. It displays Zeus constant lust after female mortals. in that location are many other displays of Zeus lust. Many half mortals are the offspring of Zeus, due to his flirtatious attitude.   While the Gods were a very important aspect of the Greeks, so was war and militaristic power. These values can be seen in Thucydides The Funeral Oration of Pericles, which explains a battle of the Peloponnesian War. And we have not forgotten to provide for our scare spirits many relaxations from toil.

Exams Are Unfair Assessments Of Progress :: essays research papers

Exams Are Unfair Assessments of ProgressMost educators believe that exams be the best counselling to judge a studentsability. They believe that students ability coffin nail be judged depending on themarks or grades that students get in the exams. They also think that studyingfor exams can help students review and absorb the things they have learned.Actually, many people hate exams because they disagree that exams argon realistictools for rating progress. The three main reasons for me to believe that examsare unfair assessments of progress are the effects of pressure, the reliabilityof the exam result and the purpose of study.First of all, exams cause too much pressure for students. Some students sacrifice suicide before they take an exam because they do not have self-confidenceto face to the exam. Some students commit suicide after their exams because theycan not get good marks in their exams and they can not stand the pressure oftheir parents. In addition, many students usually forget all of the things thatthey have already learned when they are taking their exams because they are toonervous, but they can remember all the things again after they finish theirexams. Also, many students suffer insomnia because they are too worry abouttheir exams. They do not have enough sleep, so they can not do well in theirexams.Secondly, the exam results of the students are not reliable. Somestudents cheat in the exams. For example, they just copy the answers from theircheating papers to their answer sheets. Although their answers are correct, theydo not really jazz the answers. Also, just about student guess what questions mightappear in the exams and only study that part of the course material. They canget good results in their exams without studying unspoken if they are lucky.Furthermore, many students get poor results in the exams because they do nothave enough time to finish the exam papers, but not because they dont know theanswers. The marking standard of examine rs is also very unsteady. Sometimes, themarking standard might depend on the emotion of the examiners.

Samoan Language :: essays research papers fc

Samoan is a rich language that remains the principal language of the raft of Samoa. The Samoan language is exquisite and quite easy to learn and is similar to other languages in the pacific region. Samoan is a branch of the Austronesian Language, in one case called Malayo-Polynesian language, one of the words largest language families, both in terms of numbers of languages-more than 700-and geographic spread-covering islands and some mainland areas from Madagascar in the west to Easter Island and hello in the east (Amerika Samoa). The Austronesian language is divided into two branches Formosan, the languages spoken by about 200,000 people in Taiwan and Malayo-Polynesian, comprising the rest of the language in the Austronesian family (Encarta Online). As a student finishing up his 2nd year of the Hawaiian Language, I was amazed to find several wrangle in Pouliuli having the same meaning in Hawaiian. Therefore, this report will focus on the Samoan language its rules, pronunciation, and the similarities and differences between the Samoan language and the Hawaiian language. The Samoan language cannot be considered as strong language, and few letters of the alphabet are put to use. D and B are never used H, R, and K are of rare occurrence, which are found in words that have been introduced. All words have a vowel termination, and their etymological forms are constructed by the employment of particles attached to the roots, thereby forming agglutinative or polysynthetic words. The Samoan language is comprised of only fourteen letters-five vowels, A, E, I, O, U, and nine consonants, F, G, L, M, N, P, S, T, V, --H, K, and R only occurring in words of foreign origin (Neffgen 3). The Samoan language now contains many introduced words, which have been distorted by added vowels or substituted consonants, in order for native speakers to articulate them. Samoan vowels have immense and short versions. The language is generally pronounced as in romantic languages such as Spanish and Italian. In print the long vowel sound is represented by the presence of a dash or macron over the vowel. Here is a chart on how to pronounce from each one vowel. VowelLongShortABathButEEhBetIFeetBitORawGoneU mobPewSource Samoan SensationSamoan consonants are pronounced the same as in English, with the exception of G, which sounds like the NG as in song (Samoan Sensation). The Hawaiian language and Samoan language are quite similar because they both come from the same language family.

I Am a Victim of Advertising Essay -- Business Media Advertising

I Am a Victim of Advertising You could call me a shop-a-holic, as most of my friends do, but I call myself a lover of fashion. Sitting in my room, I cheek in my closet at all my holding and wonder what else I want to buy. Abercrombie, Guess, J Crew, Armani Exchange, Ralph Lauren, Tommy Hilfiger, and Banana Republic are just a few of the name-brand items that clutter my room. And I want more. Ive never halt to question whether Im getting what Im paying for, though Ive always been a smart shopper, a sale shopper. But, as I learn more about my upcoming field, marketing, I realize that I am a dupe of advertising. All the things I want and buy are influenced by what magazines, television, and other advertisers tell me I need to want and buy. Everyone wears clothes. They can be a statement, a style, or a definition of who you are. They can also be a simple necessity. For me, habiliment has meant different things. As a child, I wore what my mother gave me or the hand-me-down s from my sister. I never questioned how I looked, but I liked to dress up. In pose school, I became more concerned with my appearance, like most girls. I tried to keep up with the fashion, but what defined the fashion? Magazines and television were the big ones for me. I wanted to look beautiful thus, I wore what the beautiful people showed me I should wear in hopes that I could be just as beautiful, or at least as fashionable. I had a huge desire to be fashionable, because in being fashionable, I believed I could be popular. As I look abide upon those middle school days, I am amazed at how concerned young people can be about their image. Children become so concerned at such a young age with being popular and looking beautifu... ...t someone of the opposite sex. Smoking, drinking, socializing, and looking great in dearly-won clothing are the images of an attractive person. Advertisers use our weaknesses to tell us what is new, what we should be like, what is cool, a nd what is hot. Because human nature makes us want to be popular and glamorous we pass the lead ads give us. Is it the victims fault for believing, or the fault of society for allowing advertisers to do so? These are the questions I often ask myself as I visualize the field of marketing. It is very easy to use human insecurities as a means of targeting consumption, but is it right? How will we ever know unless we step back and stop reading magazines and watching television? How will we know unless society and advertising break their bond? Until then, I will remain a victim of advertising. And so will almost everyone else.